Campbellb akansas state university, department of entomology, 123 west waters hall, manhattan, ks 665064004, usa busdaars, grain marketing and production research center, 1515 college avenue, manhattan, ks 66502, usa. Habitat and plant specificity of trichogramma egg parasitoids. Dec 31, 2003 trichogramma egg parasitoids and host selection. Parasitoid wasps are highly diverse and specialized to attack a particular host life stage egg, larvae, pupae and adults of most arthropods, mainly insects. Natural enemies of helicoverpa introduction helicoverpa caterpillars often called heliothis are serious pests of many crops in australia. Genetics of the behavioral ecology of egg parasitoids inra. Jan 26, 2012 praying mantises the kung fu killers of the insect kingdom duration. The author suggested that parasitoids moved from sorghum into pigeonpea. The trial was arranged in factorial complete randomised design consist of ten treatments excluding control with three replication. The bollworm egg is a suitable target for many trichogramma species. Its polyphagous nature does not signify, however, that it is.
Trichogramma effects of intra and interpatch host density on. Emergence of the host, mamestra brassicae larva was reduced following treatment with ethofenprox, cartap and methomyl. Duncan 14 egg parasitoids commercialization in the new world 373 jose roberto postali parra 15 egg parasitoids in biological control and integrated pest. Selection of trichogramma species as potential natural. Field tests of the sizefitness hypothesis in the egg. Often, however, emphasis is placed on the number of parasitoids produced per unit cost. Buy egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on trichogramma 9781402091094. Trichogramma chilonis ishii in sprayed cotton fields has been reported to range from 0. Adult wasps are 150, yellow or yellow and black with bright red eyes, short antennae, and compact bodies. Triacantonic acid at 10 ppm concentration and docosanoic acid at 20 ppm concentration could be used successfully in ipm programmes for enhancing the activity of t.
Nechols1c 1kansas state university, department of entomology, 123 west waters hall, manhattan, ks665064004, usa. Trichogramma egg parasitoids play an important role both as a pest management tool and as a key ecological component of natural and manipulated systems. Scientific note toxicity of some insecticides used in. Some parasitoid species attack one stage but do not emerge from their host until much later. Parasitism capacity of trichogramma pretiosum on eggs of. Sideeffect of certain herbicides on egg parasitoid. Investigating the potential use of trichogramma, a. Evaluation of toxicity of some new insecticides against egg parasitoid trichogramma chilonis ishii hymenoptera.
Sep 28, 2010 egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on trichogramma was conceived to help in the promotion of biological control through egg parasitoids by providing both basic and applied information. Among the acids tested, triacontanoic acid elicited the highest response from t. Vii parasitoid wasps, natural enemies of insects a. Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on trichogramma was conceived. Egg parasitoids of the genus trichogramma are among the most important and beststudied natural enemies worldwide. The insecticides were toxicologically classified according to iobc. Abstract the parasitizing efficiency and emergence rate of the egg parasitoids, trichogramma pretiosum and trichogramma chilonis on oneday, twoday and threeday old eggs of leucinodes orbonalis was studied under laboratory condition during three different seasons at biocontrol laboratory of department of agricultural entomology, tamil nadu agricultural university, coimbatore, india. Parasitism of different trichogramma species and strains. Egg parasitoids in biological control and integrated pest. Releases of trichogramma species for biological control of insect pests have been performed over a hundred years, reaching, nowadays, an area of approximately 16 million hectares, although, some authors refer to 32 million hectares of trichogramma spp. Effects of intra and interpatch host density on egg parasitism by three species of trichogramma matthew j.
Biological control with egg parasitoids other than. Trichogrammas ability to recognize and use a variety of host species is considered to be an evolutionary adaptation to its multivoltine life cycle and limited capacity to control its dispersal in the field sachtleben 1929. Trichogramma wasps are found in most crops where there are moth pests and where spraying is minimised. Evaluation of toxicity of some new insecticides against. Trichogramma egg parasitism of helicoverpa armigera on. Shortterm storage of the egg parasitoids, trichogramma. Natural parasitism of trichogramma pretiosum hymenoptera. Trichogramma brassicae is especially useful for controlling moth populations on cole crops. The development of the parasitoids treated with these two insecticides was normal, similar to that of the control group. Performance of trichogramma pretiosum riley hymenoptera.
Telenomus sp are another group of egg parasitoids larger than trichogramma they lay just one egg into a heliothis. Sep 22, 2010 egg parasitoids of economic significance are found in the families trichogrammatidae, mymaridae, scelionidae and platygastridae. Quality assessment of trichogramma parasitoids trichogramma. Trichogrammatidae, because they parasitize the eggs, thus preventing the emergence of the larvae and the damage caused by them parra and zucchi, 2004. This paper summarises the extensive research on the role of the plant and habitat in the complex and diverse ecology of trichogramma spp. Effects of various insecticides on the development of the egg. Of the climatic conditions that can impair trichogramma spp. Oct 10, 2011 this video is an attempt to summarize the various behavioral steps followed by three egg parasitoid species on eggs of spodoptera frugiperda.
Trichogramma and telenomus egg parasitoid foraging behavior. Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphas by francisca. Trichogramma brassicae is a species of parasitoid wasps from the trichogrammatidae family. Egg parasitoids of the genus trichogramma are the most widely used natural enemy for biological pest control in the world. Trichogrammitidae dilbar hussain1, amjad ali1, muhammad mushtaqulhassan2, saira ali2, muhammad saleem1 and sajid nadeem3 1entomological research institute, ayub agricultural research institute, faisalabad. This video is an attempt to summarize the various behavioral steps followed by three egg parasitoid species on eggs of spodoptera frugiperda.
The book has a series of chapters dedicated to the understanding of egg parasitoid taxonomy, development, nutrition and reproduction, host. Considering these, the development of tolerant strain to insecticides thus will be a more apt approach in. Trichogramma species are polyphagous egg parasitoids biocontrol agent against different insect pests of the trichogramma are successfully used on large scale on acad. Parasitoid and host egg ages have independent impact on. The egg parasitoid, trichogramma brassicae bezdenko hymenoptera.
Research on egg parasitoids other than trichogramma has increased at a slower level during the last 15 years. The age of trichogramma parasitoid females andor of host eggs can in. Nonparasitism could be due to the use of less suitable trichogramma strains to the host pests, environmental conditions, and untimely release of parasitoids. Effect of host change on demographic fitness of the. Parasitoids were released alone or in pairs in order. Here we summarise the published evidence on mechanisms that may underlie the observed variation in parasitism rates. Considering these, the development of tolerant strain to insecticides thus will be a more apt approach in the management of insect.
Trichogramma species are polyphagous egg parasitoids biocontrol agent against different insect pests of the trichogramma are successfully used on large scale on. Selectivity of growth regulators and neonicotinoids for. Querino and zucchi, 2011, among them trichogramma pretiosum riley, 1879 hymenoptera. Bone encyclopedia of life support systems eolss generally does not kill and predator which kill the prey or host behaviors. Scientific note toxicity of some insecticides used in maize. The book has a series of chapters dedicated to the understanding of egg parasitoid taxonomy, development, nutrition and reproduction, host recognition and utilization, and their distribution and host associations. In pakistan tomato pests are usually controlled by using chemicals and no serious efforts have been. Consoli and others published egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on trichogramma find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. In this study, one cold storage temperature for eight speciesstrains of trichogramma and trichogrammatoidea was tested. Shortterm storage of the egg parasitoids, trichogramma and. Trichogramma effects of intra and interpatch host density. Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on trichogramma progress in biological control volume 9 published. Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on trichogramma was conceived to help in the promotion of biological control through egg parasitoids by providing both basic and applied information.
Pdf geneticallymodified gm crops presently are central components of pest. Trichogramma brassicae, minutum and platneri mixed all on one card trichogramma are among the smallest insects, having a wingspread of about 150th of an inch. The cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera hubner is a polyphagous insect pest that attacks many crops including cotton, maize, soybean, tomato, etc. The major advantage of trichogramma species as biological control agents is their extremely small size. As part of a continuing effort to establish natural enemies of the european corn borer, ostrinia nubilalis, in the usa, the egg parasitoid, trichogramma ostriniae pang et chen hymenoptera. It attacks eggs of several lepidopterous pests, and is a major biological control agent. Trichoforce are parasitoids capable of moth and caterpillar control. The book has a series of chapters dedicated to the understanding of egg parasitoid taxonomy, development, nutrition and reproduction, host recognition and utilization, and their. Factitious hosts such as eggs of the flour moth, anagasta kuehniella. Parasitoids are beneficial insects that prey on vegetable pests.
In brazil, 26 species of trichogramma have been recorded querino and zucchi, 2005. Number of parasitized eggs, number of emerged parasitoids, parasitism viability parasitoid sex ratio, parasitoids emerged per egg, and longevity of trichogramma galloi, t. Trichogramma brassicae bezdenko is the most important species of trichogramma parasitoids in iran. Trichogramma species are considered as polyphagous parasitoids. Successful commercial release biological control programs using trichogramma spp. In one case, experimental releases of large trichogramma pretiosum riley reared from a. The eggs of over 150 species of moths can be parasitized by trichogramma. Use of chemical pesticides is popular due to its rapid control action. Potential use of egg parasitoids, trichogramma pretiosum.
Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on. It is best to release of parasitoids at the beginning of a pest infestation when moths are first seen in the field, followed by regular releases until a natural breeding population of. These parasitoids attack eggs of sugarcane borers,scirpophaga insertulas. Parasitism levels on pigeonpea declined once the in. Parasitism levels by trichogramma vary greatly among different habitats, plants or plant structures on which the host eggs are located. A parasitoid larva feeds like a true parasite on or inside a unique living host, obtaining. The insecticide toxicity was calculated based on the longevity and parasitism capacity of the maternal generation, as well as on the emergence rate, sex ratio, longevity, and parasitism capacity of the f 1 and f 2 generations. They are also commercially available, relatively inexpensive, and because of their miniscule size trichogramma brassicae bezdenko is the most important species of trichogramma parasitoids in iran. Effects of various insecticides on the development of the. Pdf genetically modified crops and biological control with egg. Description and biology of two new egg parasitoid species. Rearing parasitoids is necessary for experimental work, and, potentially, for mass release in the field. Egg parasitoids of economic significance are found in the families trichogrammatidae, mymaridae, scelionidae and platygastridae.
Trichogrammatidae applied for biological control of the olive moth, prays oleae lepidoptera. Parasitism of different trichogramma species and strains on plutella xylostella l. Evaluation of toxicity of some new insecticides against egg. Hymenoptera have around 320,000 species, mostly more than 75% 240,000 are parasitoids. Their use is restricted to lepidopterous pest species. Augmentation of parasitoids is used against some serious pests throughout the world li 1994.
The genera trichogramma and trichogrammatoidea have gained an. Praying mantises the kung fu killers of the insect kingdom duration. These parasitoids are released to protect crops such as apples, sugarcane or tobacco, in approximately 1. Mass rearing of egg parasitoids for biological control. Use of this criterion results in massproduced wasps that are smaller than conspecifics reared from field hosts simmonds 1966, southard et al. However, unrestricted use of pesticides is the main reason for causing enormous damage to the environment and consumers health gupta and dikshit 2010. Trichogramma and telenomus egg parasitoid foraging.
An ecofriendly alternative is using natural enemies like the egg parasitoids, trichogramma spp. Developing efficient storage technique to produce quality parasitoids is essential for successful biocontrol programs. Free highquality documentaries recommended for you. Trichogrammatidae is the most important and widely distributed species of trichogramma in iran ebrahimi et al.
Digital information resources about parasitic wasps. Microplitis is called a larval parasitoid because it attacks helicoverpa caterpillars larvae. Host preference of the egg parasitoids telenomus remus and. Development of endosulfan tolerant strain of an egg.
Biological control using egg parasitoids particularly from the genus trichogramma and telenomus remus is part of the ipm approach presently underway to control faw in north and south america. Trichogrammatidae is the most important and widely distributed species of trichogramma in iran. Parasitism of different trichogramma species and strains on. Egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on trichogramma. Despite its size, this parasitic wasp is an efficient destroyer of the eggs of more than 200 species of moths and butterflies which are leaf eaters in the larval stage. Due to relatively cheap mass rearing systems employing factitious host species, trichogramma are usually applied for inundative biological control.
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